Thiếu kẽm làm trẻ chậm lớn, biếng ăn, giảm sức đề kháng hay mắc bệnh đường hô hấp… Theo Viện Dinh dưỡng, 30% trẻ em Việt bị thiếu vi chất quan trọng này. Trẻ thiếu sắt thường đi đôi với thiếu kẽm.
Vi chất dinh dưỡng là những chất mà cơ thể chỉ cần một lượng rất nhỏ nhưng có vai trò rất quan trọng, khi thiếu sẽ dẫn đến những ảnh hưởng nghiêm trọng cho cơ thể, đặc biệt là phụ nữ và trẻ em. Trong đó phải kể đến những vi chất nhỏ nhưng có “võ” là vitamin A, vitamin D, iốt, sắt, kẽm…
TS.BS Phan Bích Nga – Trưởng khoa Khám Trẻ em (Viện Dinh dưỡng), Phó Chủ tịch Hội Dinh dưỡng Nhi khoa cho biết tại nước ta, tỷ lệ thiếu sắt dù đã được phục hồi nhưng vẫn ở mức nhẹ và trung bình. Với trẻ em, nhất là trẻ 5 tuổi trở xuống có tỷ lệ thiếu sắt cao. Trong khi đó, trẻ em lại là đối tượng có hệ miễn dịch còn non yếu nên rất dễ bị tổn thương. Ước tính, vẫn còn khoảng 20% trẻ em Việt bị thiếu sắt và hơn 30% bị thiếu kẽm. Trẻ thiếu sắt thường đi đôi với thiếu kẽm.
“Thiếu sắt và kẽm đều khiến trẻ bị suy giảm hệ miễn dịch. Sắt tham gia cấu tạo hồng cầu, đồng thời tham gia vào quá trình sản sinh ra các tế bào miễn dịch như Lympho T. Trong khi đó, kẽm vừa là thành phần cũng vừa là xúc tác tăng cường sản xuất ra các yếu tố miễn dịch”, TS Nga phân tích.
Ngoài ra, kẽm cũng tham gia vào quá trình tăng sinh các hormon tăng trưởng giúp dài xương. Trẻ thiếu kẽm dẫn tới nhẹ cân, suy dinh dưỡng, thấp còi và nguy cơ mắc các bệnh nhiễm trùng tăng cao.
Cơ thể không tự tổng hợp được vi chất dinh dưỡng mà lấy từ thực phẩm và bổ sung. TS Nga lưu ý việc bổ sung kẽm và sắt cần phải đảm bảo đầy đủ trong tất cả các giai đoạn của cuộc đời trẻ kể từ khi còn trong bào thai.
Cụ thể, khi mang thai, bà mẹ cần ăn uống đầy đủ và bổ sung thêm viên sắt như khuyến cáo. Trẻ mới sinh ra trong 6 tháng đầu nên cho trẻ bú sữa mẹ hoàn toàn. Trong quá trình cho con bú, người mẹ cần ăn uống đầy đủ dinh dưỡng và nên được bổ sung đa vi chất cũng như bổ sung sắt để phục hồi cơ thể.
Sau 6 tháng, khi trẻ ăn dặm, các bà mẹ cần cho con ăn đủ dinh dưỡng bằng chế độ ăn hằng ngày. Kẽm và sắt có nhiều trong các thực phẩm như thịt bò, trứng, thủy hải sản (hàu, sò, ghẹ..), và một số loại rau lá xanh…
Tuy nhiên, khả năng hấp thu sắt từ thực phẩm chỉ 5-15%, kẽm 10-30%. Hơn nữa, sắt và kẽm chủ yếu có trong đạm động vật như trứng, thịt bò, ghẹ, hàu… Trong khi bắt đầu ăn dặm, trẻ chỉ tập ăn với lượng nhỏ, những thực phẩm này lượng ăn cũng không nhiều, dẫn đến trẻ thiếu nhiều vi chất dinh dưỡng điển hình là kẽm và sắt, TS Nga cho biết.
Bên cạnh đó, sắt và kẽm còn bị ức chế hấp thu bởi thực phẩm giàu chất phytate có nhiều trong thực phẩm giàu chất xơ như ngũ cốc nguyên hạt. Chính vì vậy, sau 6 tháng, tỷ lệ thiếu kẽm và sắt ở trẻ tăng rất cao.
Dấu hiệu trẻ thiếu sắt, thiếu kẽm
TS Nga cũng đặc biệt lưu ý trẻ lứa tuổi mầm non khi đi học trở lại dễ ốm vặt. Vì thế, chuẩn bị cho con sức khỏe tốt, chế độ dinh dưỡng hợp lý có vai trò quan trọng như tấm lá chắn bảo vệ, tăng sức đề kháng cho trẻ khi năm học mới đang đến gần. Nếu không đảm bảo dinh dưỡng, thiếu chất, trẻ bị suy giảm đề kháng, dễ ốm vặt, mệt mỏi, hay ngáp vặt, buồn ngủ, thiếu tập trung, dễ cáu gắt… ảnh hưởng lớn đến học tập.
“Nhu cầu năng lượng sẽ nhân đôi nhân ba khi trẻ học tập nhiều hơn, phải thức khuya học bài và phải dậy sớm đến trường. Vì vậy, bổ sung dinh dưỡng rất quan trọng để trẻ bù đắp vào năng lượng bị tiêu hao và đủ năng lượng cho một ngày dài học tập. Cần đảm bảo đầy đủ các bữa trong ngày với: đủ chất đạm, đường để duy trì năng lượng; đủ các vitamin và khoáng chất để tăng sức đề kháng, tăng tập trung và tư duy cho trẻ”, TS Nga nhấn mạnh.
Một số biểu hiện cho thấy trẻ đang bị thiếu sắt, kẽm:
– Thèm ăn, liếm, hoặc nhai các đồ không phải thực phẩm (đất, giấy, bìa cứng…).
– Suy giảm đề kháng, trẻ dễ ốm vặt.
– Da tái, da xanh, niêm mạc nhợt.
– Móng tay, móng chân mỏng.
– Lưỡi khô, dễ bị sưng viêm.
– Mệt mỏi, hay ngáp vặt, buồn ngủ, học tập thiếu tập trung, dễ cáu gắt.
– Tóc móng giòn dễ gãy, móng tay có những khía, hoặc vạch trắng.
– Rối loạn giấc ngủ.
– Kém hấp thu, chậm tăng cân.
– Chậm phát triển chiều cao
– Dễ mắc các bệnh về da mẩn ngứa và dị ứng.
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